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Synopsis This book is the outcome of more than two decades of my experience in teaching and research in the field of Indian economic problems. The book consists of twelve chapters which are grouped into two parts. Part one comprises six chapters which are devoted to the population and economic development in India. The population in India tends to remain an endemic problem. India’s population is not only large in absolute size, but it is also growing at an alarming rate. The high growth rate of population has hindered economic development. Prime importance should be attached to reduce the growth of population. Part two also contains six chapters which deal with child labour problem of the country in general and Bihar in particular. Children are the future of the nation. They are flowers of our national garden. Labour is worship, no doubt, but child labour is dangerous and a blot on the conscience of society. Despite tremendous amount of awareness generated by intellectuals, media men, social workers and voluntary organisations, it has been increasing at an alarming rate. Thus, rising population and child labour are the twin sins of the country. Strong political will power along with multi-dimensional approach for reducing population and eradicating child labour is essential. It is high time to review both the problems in the context of restructuring of Indian economy. This book is written for all those interested in studying problem of rising population and child labour in depth. The book will also be useful to students, research scholars and institutions connected with the issue of population and child labour.