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(1882-1964), an eminent scholar of Islamic art, studied law, philosophy, art history and archaeology, and wrote extensively on the subject. His notable publications are Indische Miniaturen aus den Besitz der Staatichen Museen zu Berlin (Berlin, 1946) and Mogul Malerei (Berlin, n.d. [1955]).

(1898-1976), a renowned scholar of Indian art, led the museum movement in India. In 1940, he joined the Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery as Director and founded the Bulletin of Baroda Museum. Later in 1943, he joined the University of Baroda as Honorary Professor, and on his retirement in 1953, the National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi as Director. From 1961 until his death in 1976, he taught at the new South Asia Institute of Heidelberg University.

His notable publications are Geschichte der Indischen Miniaturmalerei (Brtlin, 1934); Bilderatlas zur Kulturgedchichte Indiens in der Grossmoghul-Zeit (Berlin, n.d.); The Indian and Persian Miniature Painting in the Rijksprenten-kabinet (Rijiksmuseum), Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1958, and five Thous and years of Indian Art (London, 1959).