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Province No. 1 lies in the eastern part of Nepal (26º22' to 28º7'N & 86º12' to 88º12'E). It is an important region of land in terms of biodiversity richness with unique natural beauty, forests, flora, fauna and mining and mineral resources. Its pristine habitats ranging from Kachankawal (60 m), the lowest level of Nepal to Mt. Everest (8848 m), the highest peak of the world covers almost all types of eco-regions and microclimates. Due to the variation in topography it harbors more than 60% of flowering plants found in Nepal. Mt. Everest, Kanchenjunga, Makalu, Choyu, Lotse, Jannu, Yalungkang, etc lie in this Province. This Province comprises 14 districts of eastern Nepal, namely Taplejung, Panchthar, Ilam, Jhapa, Sankhuwasabha, Terhathum, Bhojpur, Dhankuta, Sunsari, Morang, Solukhumbu, Khotang, Okhaldhunga and Udaypur (Fig. 1). It is bounded on the east by the Indian state of West Bengal and on the south by the state of Bihar of India. Similarly, Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north and Province No. 2 in the Terai region to the south-west and Province No. 3 in the hilly region in the west. The total area of this Province is 25905 sq. km and the total population is 45,34,943. 3413 species and 87 infra-specific taxa (total 3500 taxa) of flowering plants have been documented in this book, which belong to 1168 genera and 184 families. Among them, 2303 are herbs, 526 shrubs, 398 trees and 273 climbers. More than 924 species are medicinal in use. Orchidaceae is the largest family having 237 species, which is followed by Poaceae (234 sp.), Asteraceae (203 sp.), Fabaceae (174 sp.), Cyperaceae (141 sp.) and so on.