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Rainfed agriculture is associated with crop production without supplemental irrigation, and a relatively lesser quantity of annual rainfall is being used for crop cultivation. From a historical perspective, rainfed croplands meet about 60% of the food and nutritional needs of the World’s population and are the mainstay of marginal and subsistence farmers, including India. By 2050, the world will need to produce 70% more food to nourish its ever-growing population of 9.7 billion. It is necessary to fabricate a sufficient quantity of quality and nutritious food by using the scarce natural resources in the climate change era. Of India’s 329 million hectares of geographical area, nearly 140 million hectares are net sown area and out of it 70 million hectares is rainfed. The future of India’s food and livelihood security will depend on the progress in improving the productivity of the rainfed areas. The book “Rainfed Agriculture and Watershed Management” has been written to fulfill the requirement of undergraduate and post-graduate students of agriculture and allied sciences considering the syllabus of ICAR. This book attempt to present the recent up-to-date information on dryland/rainfed agriculture and watershed management with appropriate illustrations. This book contains chapters like, an introduction to rainfed agriculture, farming and climate classification, history and development of rainfed agriculture, climate of rainfed agro-ecosystems, soils prevalent in rainfed agro-ecoregions, abiotic stresses affecting crop production in rainfed regions, crop adaptation mechanisms to abiotic stresses, untapped yield potential of crops in rainfed regions, constraints for crop production in rainfed regions, prospects to improving agriculture in rainfed regions, water harvesting and soil moisture conservation, rainfall analysis and rainfed crop planning, choice of crops and cropping systems, tillage and cropping techniques, soil fertility management, weed management, integrated pest and disease management, contingent crop planning, integrated farming system for rainfed regions, alternate land use systems, rehabilitation of degraded rainfed lands, agricultural land use planning for rainfed agroecosystem management, watershed management, secondary agriculture in rainfed regions and farm mechanization. These information help to enhance the productivity of rainfed regions in a sustainable manner. This book’s another goal is to provide up-to-date information’s for aspirants of various competitive exams. I hope this book will be very useful for the students, competitive exam aspirants, teachers, agronomists, soil scientists, crop scientists, extension specialists and others interested in rainfed agriculture.