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Synopsis Human resources play a pivotal role for determining the level of socio-economic development in all economies of the world. Low level of human resource development may be attributed to number of factors such as high growth rate of population, poverty, inequality, illiteracy, mortality and morbidity, low level of income, low level of consumption, low savings and investments and high burden of debts etc. This is a fact that these factors mainly prevail in developing economies and they are mostly responsible for slow growth of their overall socio-economic development. It may be stated that in developing countries inverse relationship is observed between human resources and socio-economic development. In this book, an attempt has been made to examine various dimensions related to human resources and socio-economic development in India with special reference to challenges for the 21st Century. Further, it has been sought to analyse the linkages between population and socio economic development and to study the factors responsible for socio-economic transformation. An attempt has also been made to suggest measures and yardsticks for an optimum population strategy and a balanced model for socio-economic development.