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Synopsis This book ‘A Wounded Afghanistan: Communism, Fundamentalism and Democracy’ examines the impact of foreign interventions since 1979 on the socio-political developments of Afghanistan and the circumstances, which made eit the epicenter of terrorism. The strategic location of Afghanistan in central Asia and its closeness to Eurasia led to geopolitical rivalry for resource loot between imperialistic powers, the British empire and USA on the one hand and Czarist Russia and the USSR on the other. The Soviet intervention in the 1970s and the sovietization of Afghan society led to the emergence of Mujahideen resistance and political upsurge of Islamic fundamentalism (Talibanism), a sort of restoration with vengeance of the Afghan version of Islamic laws in politics and society. The decline of Pushtun dominance and the assesrtion of other minorities such as Tajiks also contributed to the rise of Taliban. Besides big actors, the book sees Pakistan, Iran and Saudi Arabia as significant players in the Afghan crisis. The Taliban extremism paved the way to human rights violations of minorities and women. The September 11 attack on America and harbouring of Osama Bin Laden by Taliban led to the US intervention in Afghanistan. Now the country is facing nation-building challenges among which ethnic rivalry and warlodrism are major ones. Behind the Brezhnev doctrine and the doctrine of pre-emptive strike of Bush II, remained their national and exploitative interests. Ideologies apart, ‘communism’ wanted Afghanistan in the Soviet orbit, fundamentalism played up their ethnic, male-dominant Pushtunwali vendetta in the name of Islam, and ‘democracy’ is playing oil politics in the open. But, everything at the cost of Afghanistan. While cold war politics resulted in the Soviet intervention, Caspian energy and pipeline politics led to US intervention.