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Synopsis Biodiversity is regarded as variety of life and its diverse processes. All living forms from bacteria, fungi and protozoa to higher plants, sponges, coelenterates, annelids, arthropods, fishes, birds and mammals are included in biodiversity. Biodiversity also includes millions of species, subspecies, their local variants, ecological processes and cycles linking organisms into populations, communities, ecosystems and biosphere. The present publication is aimed to describe the biodiversity of two lentic ecosystems including lower lake and Mansarovar lake of Bhopal and three lotic ecosystems including rivers Khan near Indore, river Kshipra near Ujjain and river Chambal near Nagda in Madhya Pradesh and near Kota in Rajasthan. Physicochemical characteristics of these wetlands have also been attempted to correlate their influence on aquatic organisms. In India biodiversity of forests and higher animals has attracted some attention but limited baseline data is available on lower aquatic organisms such as, phytoplankton, zooplankton, periphyton, benthos and macrophytes. The text has been described in four chapters. The first chapter deals with general introduction about biodiversity. The second chapter deals with Lentic of Lacustrine environment of the lower lake and Mansarovar lake of Bhopal. The third chapter deals with the lotic or riverine environment including biodiversity of three rivers viz. Khan near Indore, Kshipra near Ujjain, Chambal near Nagda and Chambal near Kota. The fourth chapter deals with recommendations for further studies. In the end references have been given. Certainly, the present volume will provide baseline information under a single cover for further studies.