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Synopsis Migration is a complex and dynamic process. It is a process through which people move from one place to residence to another. There has been a significant change in employment, income and levels of living of the people due to such migration. The present work is a comprehensive study of tribal migrants of Kalahandi and Bolangir--the most backward, poverty stricken, drought ravaged districts of Orissa. The study in general and the regional analysis in particular, provides a necessary base for further research into the underlying causes of migration and its socio-economic consequences. In the absence of a detailed study, the present study based on field exploration has been claimed to be the first such study ever attempted. The present work is based on primary and secondary sources of data to portray the socio-economic condition of landless agricultural labourers and wage earners who have migrated seasonally to other parts of the country. The genesis of labour migration, causes, magnitude and outcome of such migration have been analysed in the broad national perspectives. Undoubtedly, the study has immense significance to the researchers, policy makers, administrators, sociologists, anthropologists, social scientists, and others who are keenly interested for the development of poor tribals, landless labourers, and common men in understanding as well as formulating policy paradigms.