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Synopsis The life supporting systems of the planet’s biosphere are being threatened due to deforestation, destruction of habitats, over use of energy resources and environmental pollution. Changes in the earth’s climate, decline and deterioration of natural resources, the accumulations of waste products, soil exhaustion and the destruction of ecosystems, are already apparent. Anthropogenic activities coupled with the burgeoning human population are responsible for the loss of a large number of life forms; numerous important plant and animal species are on the verge of extinction, while others are threatened or vulnerable. In order to bring about sustainable resource conservation and management, it is essential to adopt several different approaches for managing the ecosystem and biodiversity. To arrest the process of degradation and species loss, it requires specialized solutions and an understanding of ecological processes. Human beings have been interested in ecology since the beginning of civilization. Even our ancient scriptures have included practices and values related with ecological and environmental conservation. India is one of the mega diversity countries and a Vavilovian centre of origin and diversification of cultivated plants, and endowed with rich traditional knowledge system. Currently, it is even more critical than ever before for the humankind as a whole to have a clear understanding of environmental concerns and to follow sustainable development practices. The need for sustainable development is a key to the future of humankind. The degradation of our environment is linked to continuing problems of pollution, loss of forest, solid waste disposal, and issues related to economic productivity and national as well as ecological security. The increasing levels of global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and a serious loss of biodiversity have also made everyone aware of growing environmental concerns. However, It is imperative to maintain a balance between the capacity of the environment and the quantum of sustainable utilization. This is only possible by understanding the environment in its totality and the principles of its scientific management. Environmental management has gained momentum in recent years with the initiatives focusing on managing environmental hazards and preventing possible disasters.