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Part of this material was published earlier.  That was thirty years back.  Part of this is the contribution of others.  Professor Paul Wallace, Harlan Hahn and Peter McDonough are eminent political scientists of United States.  They have contributed to this book. Raju Goyal and D.R. Singh of Jammu University have contributed five and one paper each.  We have borrowed from Rao, the former chief Minister of Andhra and the Prime Minister of India 1991-96.  We have borrowed from L.K. Advani, the leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha.  We are thankful to Asian Survey University of California, Berkeley for publishing Nature of Party Competition and Caste and Politics-A conceptual Framework .  India Quarterly published in December 1963, Our paper on the Congress Party.  Robert E. Ward, Eldersveld, Kent Jennings and Karl Deutsch allowed intimate interactions and so did Morris Jones, Kutzenskov connections with the people at the grass-roots, the last fifty years.