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Synopsis Forests play important role in combating desertification, preventing erosion problems, other protective functions, climatic change acting as carbon reservoirs and sinks. Forests, the biodiversity they contain and the ecological function they maintain, are a heritage of mankind. The vital role of forests in protecting fragile ecosystems, watersheds and freshwater reservoirs and as storehouses of rich biodiversity should be recognized. Forests contain not only woody species and wild animals but also a wealth of other species of actual or potentially socio-economic importance at the global, national and local levels, including wild relatives of important crop species. Biodiversity is the variety and variability of plant, animal and microorganism in a ecosystem. Biodiversity, in wild and domesticated forms, is the source for most of humanity food, medicine, clothing and housing, most of the cultural diversity, and most of the intellectual and spiritual inspirations. In other words, it is the very basis of man’s being. Currently, there is severe and widespread loss of biodiversity because of a variety of factors and, therefore, its conservation is of utmost importance. Conservation and development are partners in the process of environmental protection. To maintain and increase the ecological, biological, climatic, socio-cultural and economic contributions of forests, their conservation and management are urgently required. Biological diversity (biodiversity) is also to be preserved to achieve sustainable development. The book is a sincere effort of the authors to provide compiled information on the subject matter of forest environment and diversity. It includes the impact of forests on environment, basic concept, status and extent of biodiversity, its loss and suggests ways and means of conservation for achieving sustainable development.