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Synopsis Nowadays environment pollution and degradation of natural resources are increasing drastically, the need of the hour is to rediscover our past heritage of sustainable agriculture and blend useful practices with modern agriculture. For this, indigenous agricultural practices can serve as an effective "Alternative". Indigenous Knowledge (IK) systems are adaptive skills of local people, usually derived from many years of experience, which have often been communicated through "Oral Traditions". Utilizing ITKs in agriculture gives its legitimacy and credibility in the eyes of both local people and agricultural scientists, thereby increasing cultural pride and motivation to solve local problems with local ingenuity and resources. Under certain circumstances, it can be equal to or even superior to the know how introduced by modern research. Development efforts should therefore consider IK and and use it to best advantage. Special efforts are needed to understand, document and disseminate ITK for preservation, transfer or adoption elsewhere. Unless ITK is properly documented, analyzed and disseminated, there is a risk that within one generation the knowledge could be lost forever. It has also become imminent for the policy makers, planners and agricultural scientists to look for new horizons to make agriculture sustainable, remunerative, farmers friendly and competitive in the context of globalization. The indigenous knowledge, which was threatened to extinction, now, needed to be preserved and duly acknowledged through research. With this view, a study has been conducted in the part II Plan Scheme to document the ITKs in drytacts of Tamil Nadu. The documented ITKs cover different practices like soil and water conservation, seeds and sowing, intercropping and after cultivation, manures and manuring, plant protection, harvest and harvest indices, ripening, storage practices, oil storage, storage structures, farm tools, beliefs, water diving and veterinary practices. While much work remains to be done, this book is an attempt. There is a need to systematically document the indigenous agricultural practices in future. The authors believe that all those associated with agriculture and allied fields will perceive the benefits of indigenous knowledge described in this report and will work to make them tomorrow's conventions.