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Synopsis This book is based on extensive diagnostic demographic study focusing on institutional matrix of family planning and family welfare among three sections of population living in coastal and tribal regions of Orissa. The findings of this piece of empirical study answer various controversial issues relation to differential sex ratio among Scheduled Tribe of Gajapati Hills as compared to general caste population and Scheduled Caste population of Coastal Orissa. An attempt has been made to probe socio-cultural factors promoting female foeticide prevalent in some communities. The value of children as perceived by the parents contributes significantly to family formation and preference of one sex over other. The author has critically examined this aspect. This book provides insights for improving delivery of health care service in rural and tribal regions of Orissa through decentralised community participation and management. The effects of breast-feeding practice on birth spacing, family planning and child survival have been examined and validated with corroborative evidences. The socio-cultural factors influencing the reduction in child and maternal mortality and promotion of population stabilization have been critically assessed. This book highlights various unexplored sensitive areas where appropriate interventions need to be made for effective public private partnership in health sector and curbing population growth. The goals of National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) would be achieved through safeguarding peoples health rights and honouring socio cultural values attached to family formation and child survival among people living in diverse ecological niches.