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Synopsis Ecology and economy have long been linked with each other. At the same time, economic development and ecology are somehow inversely related. It is because technological developments create pressure for environment and, in turn, destroy ecology. Economic growth and development comes through the development in agricultural sector, industrial sector and through development in the tertiary sector. But to effectuate such development process, the role of transportation sector is primal. The fruits of development are translated among the common masses through the help of transportation sector. Within the transport sector, the role of surface transport is an essential ingredient for development to take place. Turning to the present situation, it can be unambiguously said that the current trends in the transport sector are environmentally and therefore, economically and socially unsustainable as transport operations, especially, the surface transport pollutes the environment in many ways. It has direct as well as indirect impact on health in terms of accident occurrence, respiratory problem and raising the propensity of lung diseases. This book is a modest attempt to capture the impact of surface transport on ecology and environment. The book has been divided into two sections. The first section gives a brief idea about the concepts of surface transport's impact on ecology whereas the following section deals with country experiences, ecological impact of surface transport and the remedial measures.