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Synopsis Other than municipalities, various industries disposing off the industrial effluents are the worst polluters of the aquatic resources. The increasing use of fresh water as raw material in various industrial applications has also accelerated the demand for high quality drinking water. It is of utmost importance, hence, to prevent the pollution of aquatic resources by all possible means to control its quality from further deterioration. Applying microorganisms for industrial pollution control is an area of interest all over the world. To-day environmentalists are greatly concerned about the sustainable development and pollution control for restoration of wholesomeness of natural resources and to maintain ecological balance. Various treatment technologies in different combinations of physical, chemical and biological methods are in use to treat the industrial effluents of different origin. In the present volume, various microbiological methods and the possible solutions for treatment and remediation of the effluents of different nature are described and discussed at length.