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This is an in-depth study of the economic history of medieval India, particularly Mughal India, focusing on internal and foreign trade, seaports and shipping, transport and communication, commercial items for trade and factors that affect the course of economic life. Focusing on the sixteenth-seventeenth centuries, it points out that under the Mughals, there was a very substantial expansion of an integrated market. The trade contributed to increase in the absolute volume of the exports and imports of Mughal India, stimulated Indian participation in overseas commerce and induced developments in the manufacturing and other sectors of the economy. It throws light on the patterns of competition for merchants, the importance of coastal trade that depended upon shipbuilding, and the arrival of European trading companies to India. It also takes up the effects of the economy on social and political conditions at the time.