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Over the years, our scientific understanding and technical skills on biodiversity researches have expanded in many terrestrial ecosystems with less information on various aspects of tropical forest biodiversity. This book has presented an overview on current state of biodiversity in different Indian tropical natural and modified ecosystems. Information presented in this book covered an overview on biodiversity, present status and future scope of biodiversity in India, floristic diversity of Nagaland, plant diversity assessment in Uttarakhand, decadal change in lianas in evergreen forests and changes in plant composition, biomass structure and allocation patterns along disturbance gradient in different tropical ecosystems in India. Further, it covered information on diversity of pollen morphology, diversity in leaf deciduousness and reproductive parts in tropical ecosystems, and regeneration in bamboo following gregarious flowering in Assam, northeast, India. It also contained information on plant diversity utilizations in tropical ecosystems of the country, and diversity of soil and litter microbes in northeast India. Finally, it emphasized conservation of tropical ecosystems, their plants and traditional practices, and in the last synthesis of information on biodiversity. This book will serve as a reference for policy makers and researchers working on biodiversity conservation issues in tropical regions.